Professor David Hesmondhalgh is a cultural industries theorist. Cultural industries are the industries that focus on the production of culture.
Synergy: The combined collaboration of two or more parts of a system so that the combined effect is greater than the effort of one of the parts alone.
Vertical Integration: Synergy through two or more stages of a production.
E.g: 20th Century Fox owns the studios in Hollywood but they also own the cinemas where the films are shown.
Horizontal Integration: Synergy between subsides at the same stage of productions.
E.g: Although Instagram is very similar to Facebook, Facebook owns Instagram
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